What is obesity?
Obesity is a complex chronic condition with several causes and risk factors that can lead to excessive fat accumulation and might cause metabolic changes resulting in possible adverse health effects.
Obesity diagnosis:
Obesity is defined using the BMI (Body Mass Index) score. Generally, a BMI of 30 or higher is identified as obese, but the BMI scoring tool has its limitations. BMI score on its own is not a reflection of health status, but the total fat percentage and body composition which is of more importance. Waist circumference and fat accumulation around the waist is another tool used to assess obesity and the risk of obesity-related health risk. Assessment of current eating habits and lifestyle, medical history, and recent blood tests are an integral part of obesity-related health risks diagnosis.
The causes of obesity:
- Genetics.
- Physiological influences.
- Food intake and eating disorders.
- Weight history.
The risk factors for obesity:
- Genetics
- Unbalanced diet including high calorie, fat and sugar foods.
- Sedentary lifestyle.
- Drugs like steroid hormones and drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions.
- Psychological factors like depression and anxiety.
- Hormones and certain hormonal imbalances.
How can I prevent obesity?
- Exercise regularly.
- Eat a well-balanced diet.
- Maintain a stable body weight.
- Limit processed foods and less nutritious foods.
- Improve sleep routine and reduce stress.
What are the complications of obesity?
- Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
- High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke.
- Certain cancers (breast, colon, and endometrial).
- Gallbladder disease and fatty liver disease.
- High cholesterol.
- Sleep apnea
- Chronic lower back pain.
- Arthritis and Osteoarthritis, particularly of the knees.
Obesity and Mental Health.
Obesity and mental health have a complex and two-way relationship. Obesity can affect mental health by increasing the risk of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. This may be due to the effects of weight discrimination, low self-esteem, or biological changes in the brain. Mental health problems can also affect obesity by reducing motivation to exercise, changing eating habits, or causing side effects from medications.
Obesity treatment:
Obesity treatment is complex, it involves behavioral, physiological, and environmental changes. Lifestyle changes are emphasized through behavioral therapy and psychological interventions when needed. Bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy may occasionally be recommended as per the general practitioner recommendations.
Another aspect of obesity treatment requires addressing weight stigma to lead better compassionate treatment options for people living with obesity.
Consult your GP or dietitian to look at the steps you can take to address obesity and your health.
Nutritional interventions for obesity management include building a balanced meal plan that includes:
- Choose minimally processed, whole foods.
- Whole grains (whole wheat, steel cut oats, brown rice, quinoa).
- Vegetables (a colorful variety).
- Whole fruits.
- Nuts, seeds, beans, and other sources of lean proteins like fish and poultry.
- Fats rich in omega-3 fatty acids like olive oil and avocados.
- Meanwhile to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets and pastries, and processed foods.
Reference: Weight Stigma | World Obesity Federation